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1.1 This test method covers an index method that enables the evaluation of swelling properties of a clay mineral in reagent water for estimation of its usefulness in geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). This test method is not applicable for clays with polymers. 1.2 It is adapted from United States Pharmacopeia (USP-NF-XVII) test method for bentonite. 1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested after ...
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Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to moisture. These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water. When water is introduced to expansive soils, the water molecules are pulled into gaps between the soil plates. As more water is absorbed, the plates are forced further apart, leading to an increase in soil ...
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Two natural clay standards, dominated by montmorillonite (SWy-2) and Illite-smectite (ISCz-1), were mixed with bitumen and reacted for 8 days. The clay-bitumen mixtures were then washed three times each with cyclohexane to extract bitumen from the clays. The aim was to better understand the role of swelling clay minerals on nonaqueous solvent bitumen extraction. The experimental results showed ...
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Shale reservoir drilling operations often result in complicated wellbore instability problems due to the swelling of sensitive clay minerals present in the shale formations. The wellbore instabilities include bit balling, caving, sloughing, stuck pipe, and in severe cases, the collapse of the wellbore may occur. Therefore, the design and selection of drilling fluid play a significant role in ...
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Clay swelling occurs frequently and is closely relevant to a number of engineering and industrial processes, while the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.
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10.04.2015· Among the minerals found in the earth's crust, clay minerals are of the widest interest. Due to the specific properties such as plasticity, absorbing and catalytic properties clay minerals are used in many industries (oil & gas, chemistry, pharmacy, refractory technology, ceramics etc.). In drilling, a phenomenon of swelling clays is frequently observed. It has an important impact on the ...
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Key words: Tertiary clay, till, swelling, expansion, shrinkage. INTRODUCTION Samples of Tertiary clays and Quaternary tills were col-lected in the Mazowsze province, where they are widely ap- plied as raw material for the pottery industry. Tertiary clay samples from Kosewo were analysed (Fig. 1). Stratigraphically, these clays are not in situ: glacitectonic processes have deformed them into ...
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First: Swelling (Expansive) Soils: • Swelling soil is soil containing montmorillonite clay minerals. Swelling soil can cause damage when the soil changes volume, due to the soil either expanding when moisture is added, or shrinking when the soil dries out. A soil that has moderate to high swell potential is capable of causing uplift to concrete slabs and other property damage. • Swelling ...
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It is of paramount importance to understand the hydration swelling and weakening properties of clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, to determine their mechanical responses during deep underground argillaceous engineering. In this study, the mineral components and microscopic structure of mudstone were characterised using X-ray powder diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy.
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of clay minerals and phenomenon of swelling in oil and gas industry. Unique ion exchange properties and clay swelling mechanisms are also considered. Keywords: clay minerals, oil&gas, ion exchanging, swelling INTRODUCTION The name of the clay minerals define a group of minerals that are essential constituents of loam rocks, such as kaolins, clays, soils, shales, bentonites, etc., and determine ...
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science budget project, into the shrinking and swelling of London Clay Formation. The report outlines the tests carried out and presents the factual results of these tests. 1 . 1 Introduction . The behaviour of clay rich geological formations in response to a change in moisture content is often exhibited as shrinking or swelling. The material is able to change volume with a change in effective ...
view moreExpansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols.
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Both swelling (montmorillonite) and non-swelling (kaolinite) clay were added as coatings on soda lime beads and quartz grains. Clay content varied from 1.4 to 5.5 wt.% in the montmorillonite-coated...
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Shale reservoir drilling operations often result in complicated wellbore instability problems due to the swelling of sensitive clay minerals present in the shale formations. The wellbore instabilities include bit balling, caving, sloughing, stuck pipe, and in severe cases, the collapse of the wellbore may occur. Therefore, the design and selection of drilling fluid play a significant role in ...
view more
Clay swelling occurs frequently and is closely relevant to a number of engineering and industrial processes, while the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.
view more
01.09.2015· In spite of the abundant record of research on swelling of clay minerals and its impact on permeability the interrelationship of grain size, sorting, clay type and clay abundance affecting permeability changes remains under explored. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to perform permeability experiments in unconsolidated samples with variable clay content, and to correlate .
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They classified problem shales into five main categories, where clay mineralogy was related to their relative hardness and their tendency to hydrate and disperse, thus leading to problems such as sloughing, caving, dispersion and bit-balling (Table 1).
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Swelling of clay minerals: dual characteristics of K + ions and exploration of critical influencing factors † Xiong Li, ab Qinyi Li, a Sen Yang a and Gang Yang * a Author affiliations * Corresponding authors a College of Resources and Environment & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soil Multi-scale Interfacial Process, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China E-mail: [email protected] Fax ...
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Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols.Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the most dramatic shrink-swell capacity.
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Compacted expansive clays swell due to crystalline swelling and osmotic/double layer swelling mechanisms. Crystalline swelling is driven by adsorption of water molecules at clay particle surfaces that occurs at inter-layer separations of 10–22 Å. Diffuse double layer swelling occurs at inter-layer separations >22 Å. The tendency of compacted clay to develop osmotic or double layer swelling ...
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01.02.2010· The tendency of sodium-saturated smectites to swell macroscopically (see Section 4) is the principal cause of shale instability in oil well drilling operations and can potentially lead to collapse of the wellbore. For this reason the present review is primarily concerned with the swelling behaviour of smectite clays.
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Both swelling (montmorillonite) and non-swelling (kaolinite) clay were added as coatings on soda lime beads and quartz grains. Clay content varied from 1.4 to 5.5 wt.% in the montmorillonite-coated...
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of clay minerals and phenomenon of swelling in oil and gas industry. Unique ion exchange properties and clay swelling mechanisms are also considered. Keywords: clay minerals, oil&gas, ion exchanging, swelling INTRODUCTION The name of the clay minerals define a group of minerals that are essential constituents of loam rocks, such as kaolins, clays, soils, shales, bentonites, etc., and determine ...
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Compacted expansive clays swell due to crystalline swelling and osmotic/double layer swelling mechanisms. Crystalline swelling is driven by adsorption of water molecules at clay particle surfaces that occurs at inter-layer separations of 10–22 Å. Diffuse double layer swelling occurs at inter-layer separations >22 Å. The tendency of compacted clay to develop osmotic or double layer swelling ...
view more
Two natural clay standards, dominated by montmorillonite (SWy-2) and Illite-smectite (ISCz-1), were mixed with bitumen and reacted for 8 days. The clay-bitumen mixtures were then washed three times each with cyclohexane to extract bitumen from the clays. The aim was to better understand the role of swelling clay minerals on nonaqueous solvent bitumen extraction. The experimental results showed ...
view more
sllDle for a portion of the water required to satisfy the swelling tendency of a soil. In addition to the unique siorface structiire of clay minerals, the particles usually possess a net negative electrical charge and, in order to achieve electrical neutrality in the soil, cations are attracted to the surfaces. These cations and their water of hydration take up space and thus tend to keep ...
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